Mars science, missions and the people trying to reach the Red Planet.
Explore the striking elevation contrast between Mars' northern lowlands and southern highlands, the leading theories for its origin, and the unique terrain that defines the dichotomy.
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Explore the geology of Mars’ fretted terrain, its cliffs, mesas, debris aprons and the icy secrets revealed by radar studies.
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Explore the evidence for Martian glaciers, their composition, climate history, and what radar reveals about ice hidden beneath dust and debris.
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Explore Mars’ geologic history, from the Pre‑Noachian crust formation to the Amazonian era, using crater counting and stratigraphy to understand the Red Planet’s evolution.
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Explore the 1971 Mars 3 mission—its launch, orbiter science, brief lander touchdown, tiny rover, and legacy in planetary exploration.
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Explore the 1971 Mars 2 mission—its launch, orbiter science, lander design, and historic touchdown—while connecting its legacy to mushroom cultivation on Mars.
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Explore the evolution of embedded computer systems on Mars rovers, from Sojourner’s single processor to Curiosity and Perseverance’s redundant designs, and why they’re built for radiation and temperat
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Explore the history, achievements, and future plans of Mars rovers, from the pioneering Sojourner to today’s Perseverance, and see how they inspire mushroom cultivation on the Red Planet.
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Explore Mars’ core, mantle, crust and surface minerals, from iron‑rich rocks to volcanic basalts, and see how they shape the planet’s red hue.
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Explore the nature, formation, and scientific importance of dark slope streaks on Mars, the planet’s most visible present‑day surface changes.
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Explore the Tianwen‑1 mission—its launch, orbit, historic landing, rover Zhurong, and scientific goals—through a friendly, fact‑based overview.
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Explore how NASA's 1997 Mars Pathfinder mission proved cheap, fast, and effective rover technology, laying groundwork for future Mars discoveries.
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Explore the towering chasmata of Mars, their layered geology, hydrated minerals, and what they reveal about the planet’s ancient water and volcanic history.
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Explore Mars’ geology—from the stark north‑south dichotomy and ancient crust to the towering Tharsis volcanoes and hidden magma ocean—through clear, illustrated sections.
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A look at ESA’s Mars Express mission, its instruments, achievements, and how its decades‑long service keeps unlocking Mars’ secrets.
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Explore how NASA's Ingenuity helicopter proved powered flight on Mars, its development, missions, and legacy as an aerial scout for future exploration.
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Curiosity discovered boron in Gale Crater’s mineral veins, indicating past neutral‑pH water, moderate temperatures, and potential chemistry that could support the origin of life.
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Explore what makes up Martian soil, its toxic perchlorates, dust risks, and how scientists plan to turn this regolith into a resource for life support and mushroom cultivation on Mars.
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Explore how NASA’s MAVEN mission measured atmospheric loss on Mars, its journey from launch to retirement, and what it tells us about the planet’s climate history.
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Explore Jezero Crater’s geology, ancient lake evidence, and its role in NASA’s Mars 2020 mission, with insights into future sample‑return plans.
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JAXA’s Martian Moons eXploration (MMX) mission launches toward Mars, aims to land on Phobos, collect regolith, and bring the first Mars‑system sample back to Earth by 2031.
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Explore NASA’s InSight mission—its journey, science goals, challenges with dust, and what we learned about marsquakes and the Red Planet’s interior.
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Discover Gale Crater’s geology, its towering Mount Sharp, Curiosity’s landing, and why scientists view it as a window into Mars’ watery past.
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Explore the history, current weather, and paleoclimate of Mars, and learn how its climate informs the search for life and future mushroom cultivation on the Red Planet.
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