Geology, water, weather and moons: how Mars works.
Explore the striking elevation contrast between Mars' northern lowlands and southern highlands, the leading theories for its origin, and the unique terrain that defines the dichotomy.
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Explore the geology of Mars’ fretted terrain, its cliffs, mesas, debris aprons and the icy secrets revealed by radar studies.
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Explore the evidence for Martian glaciers, their composition, climate history, and what radar reveals about ice hidden beneath dust and debris.
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Explore Mars’ geologic history, from the Pre‑Noachian crust formation to the Amazonian era, using crater counting and stratigraphy to understand the Red Planet’s evolution.
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Explore Mars’ core, mantle, crust and surface minerals, from iron‑rich rocks to volcanic basalts, and see how they shape the planet’s red hue.
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Explore the nature, formation, and scientific importance of dark slope streaks on Mars, the planet’s most visible present‑day surface changes.
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Explore the towering chasmata of Mars, their layered geology, hydrated minerals, and what they reveal about the planet’s ancient water and volcanic history.
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Explore Mars’ geology—from the stark north‑south dichotomy and ancient crust to the towering Tharsis volcanoes and hidden magma ocean—through clear, illustrated sections.
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Curiosity discovered boron in Gale Crater’s mineral veins, indicating past neutral‑pH water, moderate temperatures, and potential chemistry that could support the origin of life.
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Explore what makes up Martian soil, its toxic perchlorates, dust risks, and how scientists plan to turn this regolith into a resource for life support and mushroom cultivation on Mars.
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Explore Jezero Crater’s geology, ancient lake evidence, and its role in NASA’s Mars 2020 mission, with insights into future sample‑return plans.
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Discover Gale Crater’s geology, its towering Mount Sharp, Curiosity’s landing, and why scientists view it as a window into Mars’ watery past.
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Explore the history, current weather, and paleoclimate of Mars, and learn how its climate informs the search for life and future mushroom cultivation on the Red Planet.
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Explore Phobos, the inner Martian moon—its discovery, orbit, surface features like Stickney crater, composition, and future fate—through clear, illustrated sections.
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Explore Deimos, the smaller Martian moon, its discovery, physical traits, orbit, and the debates over whether it was captured or formed in place.
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Explore the evidence for past and present water on Mars, its forms, locations, and why it matters for science and future exploration.
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Explore the composition, temperature, pressure, and evolution of Mars’ atmosphere, and why its thin, cold air shapes the planet’s climate and future habitats.
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Explore Olympus Mons, the solar system’s tallest mountain, its geology, size, atmosphere, and why its massive shield shape is unique on Mars.
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A friendly deep‑dive into Valles Marineris, the Solar System’s biggest canyon, covering its size, formation theories, and the landscape that stretches across Mars’ equator.
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